1. What is the main limitation of the Boolean Model?

A. Lack of precision B. Lacking ranking capability of results C. High computational complexity D. Requires neural networks

2. Which of these is NOT considered a key concept of LIS?

A. Information retrieval B. Information ethics C. Software engineering D. Information behaviour

3. The social role of libraries is often described as:

A. Institutions promoting education and information access for all B. Retail outlets for books C. Digital-only content providers D. Private membership clubs

4. Which of the following theories is mainly concerned with organizing data by risk or sensitivity levels?

A. Facet Analysis Theory B. Library Classification Theory C. Information Security Classification using CIA triad D. General Classification Theory

5. What does “metadata” primarily refer to in information retrieval?

A. Data about data B. Actual content of documents C. Physical storage media D. User browsing history

6. Facet Analysis Theory classifies information based on fundamental categories such as:

A. Price, popularity, urgency B. Personality, matter, energy, space, time C. Author, title, year D. Format, medium, language

7. The Anomalous State of Knowledge (ASK) model implies that:

A. Users seek information when their current knowledge is perceived as inadequate B. All documents are equally relevant C. Users always search randomly D. IR systems rely on keywords only

8. Intellectual Freedom in LIS primarily refers to:

A. Freedom from censorship and equitable access to information B. The right to develop new printing methods C. Limiting access to harmful information D. Promoting only academic texts

9. Community Development in LIS involves:

A. Working to improve quality of life by solving shared problems through cooperation B. Development of new social media platforms C. Creating software for library management D. Increasing circulation of physical books only

10. The Boolean model of information retrieval primarily uses which of the following operations?

A. Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication B. Cosine, Sine, Tangent C. AND, OR, NOT D. Probability, Statistics, Randomness

11. Which of the following disciplines is NOT listed as a source of LIS theories and philosophy?

A. Sociology B. Psychology C. Computer Science D. Chemistry

12. Which weighting scheme is commonly used in the Vector Space Model to calculate term importance?

A. Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) B. Boolean weighting C. Probabilistic weighting D. Absolute frequency weighting

13. Dervin’s Sense-Making Theory is especially useful in:

A. Contexts involving complex, uncertain, or changing environments B. Simple keyword search C. Database indexing only D. Data encryption

14. Information retrieval systems arrange retrieved results based on:

A. Document length B. Author’s name alphabetically C. Relevance to user queries D. Publish date only

15. An inverted index in information retrieval refers to:

A. An index that maps terms to documents containing them B. A bibliographic citation list C. A reversed chronological order of documents D. A dictionary of synonyms

16. Wilson’s Model of Information Behaviour begins with:

A. Searching all available databases B. Recognition of the need for information C. Filing information for later use D. Categorizing documents by subject

17. Recall in information retrieval measures:

A. The total storage space of documents B. The proportion of relevant documents retrieved out of all relevant documents available C. The accuracy of metadata indexing D. The speed of the retrieval system

18. Constructivist Model of Information Seeking emphasizes:

A. Passive reception of information B. The active role of individuals building knowledge through experience C. Only structured document organization D. Automation of information retrieval

19. What is a key characteristic of hybrid information retrieval models?

A. They rely solely on Boolean logic for document retrieval B. They combine keyword-based search with semantic vector search for better effectiveness C. They focus mainly on user's mental processes D. They ignore user input relevance ranking

20. Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) in information retrieval helps by:

A. Using Boolean operators for exact matching B. Creating inverted indexes to map terms to documents C. Enabling retrieval even when search terms do not exactly match document terms D. Ranking documents based on cosine similarity

21. Which theory focuses on how individuals search for, use, and interact with information?

A. Information Behaviour & Use Theories B. Information Retrieval Theories C. Classification Theories D. Social Cognitive Theory

22. Which principle in information retrieval emphasizes retrieving all relevant documents to a user's query, ensuring completeness?

A. Precision B. Recall C. Relevance ranking D. Vector representation

23. Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) allows retrieval of documents when:

A. Terms exactly match the query B. Terms do not match exactly but have related meanings C. Only multimedia documents are searched D. The search is limited to titles only

24. Which model of information behavior includes stages such as initiation, selection, and collection?

A. Wilson’s Model B. Kulthau’s Information Search Process C. Sense-Making Theory D. Constructivist Model

25. Which information retrieval model uses probability and term distributions to rank documents by likelihood of relevance?

A. Boolean Model B. Vector Space Model C. Probabilistic Model D. Cognitive Model

26. Which classification theory organizes data according to risk or sensitivity levels, often using frameworks like the CIA triad?

A. Library Classification Theory B. Information Security Classification C. Facet Analysis Theory D. General Classification Theory

27. The similarity between documents and queries in the Vector Space Model is typically measured using:

A. Euclidean distance B. Pearson correlation C. Cosine similarity D. Jaccard index

28. Which principle emphasizes fairness and equality in information access within a society?

A. Intellectual Freedom B. Epistemology C. Social Justice D. Community Development

29. The Anomalous State of Knowledge (ASK) model primarily addresses:

A. Document ranking in retrieval systems B. Users seeking information when they recognize gaps in their knowledge C. Semantic indexing of documents D. Statistical probability of document relevance

30. Information organization in LIS involves theories related to:

A. Classification, indexing, metadata, and subject description B. Database encryption techniques C. Cloud storage models D. Hardware specifications

31. Which IR model treats retrieval as a statistical process calculating probabilities that a document generates the query?

A. Boolean Model B. Language Models C. Vector Space Model D. Cognitive Models

32. What is the primary role of information classification theories?

A. To categorize data by relevant criteria B. To print books in classified order C. To translate documents between languages D. To encrypt digital files only

33. The CIA triad in information security stands for:

A. Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability B. Confidentiality, Independence, Accessibility C. Classification, Integrity, Authorization D. Control, Information, Access

34. In Kulthau’s Information Search Process, which stage involves actively gathering information aligned with a clearer understanding of the topic?

A. Initiation B. Exploration C. Collection D. Presentation

35. Hybrid Information Retrieval Models typically combine:

A. Analogue and digital methods B. Sparse keyword-based retrieval with dense semantic vector search C. Audio and visual content indexing D. Social media integration with search engines

36. BM25 is a popular variant associated with which information retrieval model?

A. Boolean Model B. Vector Space Model C. Probabilistic Model D. Language Model

37. Which of the following best describes the main focus of Library and Information Science (LIS)?

A. Manufacturing of books and magazines B. How information is created, organized, stored, retrieved, and disseminated for societal needs C. Technology development for printing presses D. Only digital data management

38. Precision in information retrieval is defined as:

A. The completeness of retrieved documents relative to the total relevant documents B. The proportion of retrieved documents that are relevant C. The total number of documents retrieved D. Time taken to retrieve documents

39. The main goal of precision and recall metrics in IR is to:

A. Measure document relevance and completeness of search results B. Speed up system processing C. Minimize hardware usage D. Decrease document length

40. The early model treating documents as sets of terms for exact matching is called:

A. Vector Space Model B. Boolean Model C. Probabilistic Model D. Language Model

41. The philosophical foundation of LIS that deals with understanding how knowledge is constructed is called:

A. Social Justice B. Epistemology C. Classification Theory D. Information Architecture

42. Constructivist models of information seeking emphasize:

A. Emotional and psychological influences on information behaviour B. Users actively building knowledge through experience C. Exact keyword matching for search queries D. Social networks as a main factor in seeking information

43. The Social Cognitive Model of Information Seeking suggests that:

A. Information seeking is primarily an individual process B. Emotional factors are the main drivers of searching behaviour C. Social environment and norms heavily influence how people seek information D. Information retrieval systems should use probabilistic models

44. Which of the following is NOT one of Carol Kulthau’s six stages of the Information Search Process?

A. Exploration B. Collection C. Organization D. Formulation

45. In the Vector Space Model, documents and queries are represented as:

A. Sets of binary terms B. Vectors in a multi-dimensional space C. Probability distributions D. Strings of text only

46. The Probabilistic Model of Information Retrieval is based on which guiding principle?

A. Set theory B. Probability Ranking Principle (PRP) C. Syntax matching D. Semantic web ontology

47. Modern focus in LIS includes all EXCEPT:

A. Digital Transformation B. Addressing digital divides C. Promoting open access D. Limiting access to public records

48. Cognitive and User-Centered IR models pay particular attention to:

A. Metadata formats B. User's information-seeking behavior and mental processes C. Computing similarity scores D. Hardware optimization

49. What is the main advantage of the Vector Space Model over the Boolean Model in information retrieval?

A. It supports exact matching only B. It allows ranked results and partial matching C. It uses Boolean logic for document classification D. It treats documents as simple sets of terms

50. Kulthau’s model highlights the role of which of the following during the information seeking process?

A. Emotional experiences B. Technical skills only C. Pure logical algorithms D. Random guesswork