1. What is a major criticism of Sheldon’s Somatotype Theory?

A. It ignores physical traits B. It over-relies on environmental factors C. It stereotypes individuals based on body type D. It adequately explains cybercrime

2. What role does the social environment play in Social Learning Theory?

A. It has no impact on behavior B. It is critical by providing role models and reinforcing behavior C. It causes all deviance biologically D. It only punishes deviant acts

3. What does juvenile delinquency primarily refer to?

A. Legal behavior by adults B. Illegal behavior by minors under the age of majority C. Status offenses by adults D. Crimes committed by repeat offenders

4. What biological basis does Sheldon’s Somatotype Theory use to explain delinquency?

A. Brain chemistry B. Body types influencing temperament C. Genetic inheritance of intelligence D. Hormonal imbalance

5. According to Eysenck, individuals high in psychoticism tend to be:

A. Socially withdrawn B. Emotionally stable C. Aggressive and antisocial D. Conformist and rule-following

6. In attachment theory, what is believed to increase the likelihood of deviant behavior in children?

A. Secure attachment with caregivers. B. Early exposure to education. C. Insecure or disrupted early attachments. D. High levels of social reinforcement.

7. According to Edwin Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory, how is criminal behavior learned?

A. Through genetics B. Through association and interaction with intimate groups C. Through media influence alone D. Through impulsive personality traits

8. What role does reinforcement play in Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?

A. It punishes all deviant behavior B. Positive reinforcement encourages deviant behavior C. Reinforcement has no effect D. Negative reinforcement always deters deviance

9. What effect did the Supreme Court ruling in In re Gault (1967) have on juvenile delinquency hearings?

A. Established that juveniles cannot be tried as adults. B. Guaranteed juveniles’ right to due process and counsel. C. Allowed for mandatory life sentences without parole. D. Abolished the juvenile court system.

10. According to Social Learning Theory, how is deviant behavior primarily acquired?

A. Through genetic inheritance. B. Via childhood trauma. C. By observing and imitating role models. D. Through rigid cultural values.

11. What determines how much a person conforms or deviates according to Differential Association Theory?

A. Their socioeconomic status B. Their body type C. The people with whom they associate D. Their inherent moral understanding

12. What is retreatism in the context of strain theory?

A. Adopting approved means to achieve cultural goals B. Rejecting both cultural goals and means of success C. Pursuing innovation through illegal means D. Advocating for social reforms

13. Which personality trait, according to Hans Eysenck, is linked to impulsiveness and emotional instability?

A. Extraversion B. Neuroticism C. Psychoticism D. Introversion

14. What distinguishes age-specific juvenile offenders from repeat offenders?

A. Age-specific offenders commit crimes only relevant to minors B. Repeat offenders are first-time offenders C. Age-specific offenders are adults D. There is no difference

15. According to Lombroso, which of the following would NOT be a physical trait of criminals?

A. Large jaws B. Protruding ears C. Muscular build D. Asymmetrical faces

16. What is the main assumption of Edwin H. Sutherland's Differential Association Theory?

A. Crime is genetically inherited. B. Criminal behavior is learned through association with others. C. Deviance results from biological deficits. D. Individuals have an inherent tendency to commit crime.

17. Which statement aligns with the concept of "Ritualism" in Strain Theory?

A. Rejecting societal goals but strictly abiding by societal rules. B. Using illegal means to achieve societal success. C. Completely withdrawing from society. D. Attempting to overhaul cultural goals.

18. According to Labelling Theory, what is a “secret deviant”?

A. Someone who is falsely accused B. Someone who conforms outwardly but deviates secretly C. Someone who openly commits deviant acts D. Someone who rejects societal norms openly

19. What role do social groups play in Becker’s labelling theory of deviance?

A. Social groups create crime through inherited traits. B. They define rules and apply labels that create deviance. C. They have little influence on an individual's behavior. D. They determine psychological causes of deviance.

20. What is one major difference in how juveniles are sentenced compared to adults?

A. Juveniles are always given life sentences B. Juvenile sentencing prioritizes rehabilitation over punishment C. Juveniles have no right to legal counsel D. Juveniles receive harsher punishments

21. What does the principle of “parens patriae” imply in juvenile justice?

A. Juveniles should be tried as adults B. The state acts as the parent to the juvenile C. Juvenile records should be public D. Harsh punishments should be applied to juveniles

22. What does the term "Retreatism" describe in Merton’s typology of individual adaptation?

A. Acceptance of cultural goals without following legitimate means. B. Rejection of both cultural goals and accepted means. C. Obediently following rules despite limited success. D. Seeking to change societal goals.

23. What is a key weakness of biological theories like Lombroso's Atavistic Theory?

A. They overemphasize social and economic factors. B. They lack scientific rigor and ignore environmental factors. C. They apply equally well to modern crimes like cybercrime. D. They focus mostly on psychological rather than physical traits.

24. What does Howard Becker's Labelling Theory emphasize in understanding deviance?

A. The act itself is deviant B. The societal reaction to the act determines deviance C. Criminal behavior is biologically determined D. Deviance is determined by personality traits

25. According to Attachment Theory, what is a likely outcome of insecure or disrupted early attachments?

A. Healthy psychological development B. Increased likelihood of antisocial or deviant behavior C. Better peer relationships D. Effective socialization

26. What is the primary focus of the juvenile justice system, as opposed to the adult criminal system?

A. Punishing offenders harshly. B. Ensuring public safety. C. Rehabilitating youthful offenders. D. Detaining offenders for longer periods.

27. What is a key criticism of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of delinquency?

A. It overemphasizes social factors B. It has empirical support in Nigeria C. It is largely based on unverified case studies D. It explains all modern crime types well

28. What is anomie as conceptualized by Durkheim?

A. When an individual strictly follows laws B. A breakdown of moral norms and social order C. Complete social conformity D. A person’s acceptance of cultural goals

29. In Social Learning Theory, according to Albert Bandura, how is deviant behavior acquired?

A. Genetic inheritance B. Physiological defects C. By observing and imitating others D. By strict parental discipline

30. In Merton's typology, what characterizes ritualists?

A. They reject both cultural goals and means B. They accept cultural goals but abandon the legitimate means C. They rigidly follow means but abandon cultural goals D. They seek to change the social structure

31. In Merton’s concept of anomie, what causes strain that leads to deviance?

A. Adequate means to achieve goals B. Using illegal means to reach accepted goals C. Lack of available legitimate means to reach cultural goals D. Over-conformity to societal rules

32. Which Sheldon body type is associated with being muscular and aggressive?

A. Endomorph B. Mesomorph C. Ectomorph D. All body types equally

33. In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which component of personality represents the moral conscience?

A. Id B. Ego C. Superego D. Libido

34. How does the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 influence juvenile offenders’ records?

A. Records are public and permanent. B. Records are sealed and erased after age 18. C. Records are shared with adult criminal systems. D. Records are only erased after 25 years.

35. What is a primary focus of the juvenile justice system compared to the adult criminal system?

A. Harsh punishment B. Rehabilitation of the offender C. Public trials D. Immediate incarceration

36. According to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, what is the id?

A. The moral conscience B. The rational part of the mind C. The instinctual and impulsive part driven by desires D. The social norms internalized in the mind

37. According to Robert Merton’s Strain Theory, what occurs when individuals accept cultural goals but reject the institutionalized means?

A. Ritualism B. Retreatism C. Innovation D. Conformity

38. What distinguishes rebellion in Merton’s theory?

A. Acceptance of both goals and means B. Complete withdrawal from society C. Rejection of goals and means, seeking to replace them D. Strict adherence to societal rules

39. What was the key assumption behind Lombroso’s Atavistic Theory of crime?

A. Criminals are born with primitive physical characteristics B. Crime is socially learned C. Crime is a result of cultural factors D. Criminal behavior is random

40. Which of the following is NOT a difference in juvenile court proceedings compared to adult court?

A. Use of juries B. Records being sealed C. Adjudication hearings instead of trials D. Focus on rehabilitation

41. Which Supreme Court case ruled that juveniles have the right to counsel and protection against self-incrimination?

A. Kent v. United States B. In re Gault C. In re Winship D. Roper v. Simmons

42. What is a main weakness of Lombroso’s Atavistic Theory?

A. It considers economic factors too much B. It lacks scientific rigor and promotes discrimination C. It focuses solely on environmental causes D. It explains cybercrime well

43. According to Labelling Theory, what is a “pure deviant”?

A. A person labeled deviant but who did not commit the act B. A person who commits deviance and is labeled as such C. A person who secretly engages in deviance D. A conformist without deviant behavior

44. In Freud’s framework, what can result from a weak superego?

A. Strong moral restraint B. Aggressiveness and impulsivity C. Shyness and anxiety D. Complete conformity

45. Which age group does the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act define as juveniles?

A. Below 16 years old B. Below 21 years old C. Below 18 years old D. Below 14 years old

46. What is the main idea behind Hans Eysenck’s theory relating personality and delinquency?

A. Only environmental factors affect criminal behavior. B. Certain personality traits predispose individuals to deviance. C. Crime results solely from early childhood attachment issues. D. Criminality is caused by body type alone.

47. Why are juveniles’ records usually sealed and erased upon reaching adulthood?

A. To punish them later B. To avoid stigma and help reintegrate into society C. Because their crimes are insignificant D. To transfer cases to adult courts

48. How does Howard Becker's labelling theory define deviance?

A. As a fixed quality of an act. B. As the result of biological predispositions. C. As behavior defined by the rules and their application by society. D. As solely caused by early childhood experiences.

49. According to Robert Merton’s Strain Theory, what characterizes an "innovator" in society?

A. They reject both cultural goals and the means of success. B. They accept cultural goals but use illegitimate means to achieve them. C. They rigidly follow the rules without pursuing cultural goals. D. They seek to change societal goals and means.

50. Which of the following is considered a status offense?

A. Murder B. Truancy C. Robbery D. Assault