1. Which sorting algorithm is particularly efficient for small or nearly sorted datasets?

A. Bubble Sort B. Selection Sort C. Insertion Sort D. Merge Sort

2. Which of the following correctly accesses the first character in a string `name` in Python?

A. name[0] B. name[1] C. name.first() D. name.get(0)

3. What is the main purpose of the base case in a recursive algorithm?

A. To call the function repeatedly B. To break the problem into smaller subproblems C. To stop the recursion and prevent infinite calls D. To perform complex calculations during recursion

4. What is recursion in programming?

A. A function that calls another function B. A function that repeats a loop multiple times C. A function that calls itself to solve smaller subproblems D. A program that runs repeatedly without stopping

5. What is the result of the string operation len("Hello") in Python?

A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 0

6. Which of the following is a characteristic of linear search?

A. Checks elements by repeatedly halving the list B. Works only on sorted lists C. Checks each element one by one until the key is found D. Is faster than binary search for large lists

7. Why is a base case essential in a recursive algorithm?

A. It speeds up the algorithm B. It prevents the recursion from continuing indefinitely C. It handles invalid inputs D. It is only needed in non-object-oriented languages

8. How would you access the element in row 1, column 2 of a 2D array `int marks[2][3]`?

A. marks[0][2] B. marks[1][2] C. marks[2][1] D. marks[2][3]

9. What is the result of the Python expression: `len("Hello World")`?

A. 10 B. 11 C. 12 D. 9

10. What is the primary purpose of sorting?

A. To find the location of elements B. To search for an element C. To arrange elements in ascending or descending order D. To merge two arrays

11. What is the base case in a recursive function?

A. The initial call to the function B. The stopping condition that prevents infinite recursion C. The recursive call itself D. A function that calls another function

12. What is a characteristic of arrays related to memory?

A. Elements are stored in random memory locations B. Elements are stored in contiguous memory locations C. Elements are stored in linked nodes D. Elements are stored in cloud storage

13. What is a disadvantage of bubble sort?

A. It is difficult to understand B. It only works on sorted lists C. It is slow for large datasets D. It requires extra memory space

14. What is a key characteristic that differentiates a recursive algorithm from an iterative one?

A. It always uses loops B. It calls itself to solve smaller subproblems C. It never has a base case D. It can only be used in functional programming

15. What is an array?

A. A collection of values of different data types under multiple names B. A data structure that stores multiple values of the same data type under one variable name C. A function that performs calculations on data D. A program that searches data

16. What happens during the traversal operation of an array?

A. Elements are added to the end of the array B. Elements are accessed one by one C. Elements are sorted in ascending order D. Elements are merged with another array

17. Which of the following is true about the base case in recursion?

A. It causes the function to call itself indefinitely B. It defines the stopping condition to end recursion C. It is optional D. It creates new copies of the function

18. What is traversing an array?

A. Accessing or processing each element of the array one by one B. Sorting the array in ascending order C. Inserting a new element in the array D. Deleting elements from the array

19. In the factorial recursive function, what does `factorial(0)` return?

A. 0 B. 1 C. -1 D. Undefined

20. Which example correctly declares a one-dimensional array in C language?

A. int numbers[] = (5, 10, 15); B. int numbers[5]; C. int numbers{5}; D. int numbers;

21. What is the factorial of 5 as calculated by the recursive function `factorial(5)`?

A. 25 B. 120 C. 60 D. 10

22. What does the Python expression "Programming"[0:6] return?

A. "Program" B. "grammi" C. "Progra" D. "amming"

23. Which searching method requires a sorted list?

A. Linear search B. Binary search C. Hash search D. Random search

24. What is a two-dimensional array?

A. An array storing elements in a single row B. A list of unrelated elements C. An array storing data in rows and columns like a table D. An array with dynamic size

25. Which operation is NOT typically common in string handling?

A. Length calculation B. String concatenation C. Sorting characters alphabetically D. Substring extraction

26. Which of the following correctly extracts a substring in Python from index 0 to 5?

A. str[0..5] B. str.substring(0, 5) C. str[0:6] D. str.substr(0,5)

27. What is the output of the Python code `"Programming"[0:6]`?

A. "Program" B. "Progra" C. "Progr" D. "amming"

28. What does indexing in most programming languages start from in arrays?

A. 1 B. -1 C. 0 D. 10

29. Which Python function will return the index of character 'p' in the string "Computer"?

A. "Computer".index('p') B. "Computer".find('p') C. "Computer".search('p') D. "Computer".position('p')

30. In the context of strings, what does concatenation mean?

A. Finding the length of a string B. Accessing a single character by index C. Joining two or more strings into one D. Extracting a substring

31. Which of the following is NOT a direct benefit of using arrays?

A. Storing multiple values of the same data type together B. Accessing elements using an index C. Automatically resizing dynamically when new elements are added D. Efficiently organizing data

32. What is a common characteristic of strings in many languages?

A. Strings are arrays of integers B. Strings usually end with a null character `\0` C. Strings cannot be concatenated D. Strings never change in size

33. In string searching, what does the C function `strstr()` do?

A. Finds the length of the string B. Finds the first occurrence of a substring within another string C. Sorts the characters in a string D. Concatenates two strings

34. What does the Python method `str.find()` do?

A. Finds the length of the string B. Replaces characters in a string C. Finds the position of a substring or character D. Extracts a substring

35. What is the valid way to declare a string in Java?

A. String name = 'Computer Science'; B. String name = "Computer Science"; C. char name = "Computer Science"; D. String name = Computer Science;

36. If factorial(0) returns 1, what is the role of this specific condition within the recursive factorial function?

A. It initializes the factorial calculation B. It causes infinite recursion C. It serves as the base case to stop recursion D. It is an optional optimization

37. What is one major disadvantage of bubble sort when sorting large datasets?

A. It requires extra memory B. It is difficult to understand C. It is slower compared to other sorting algorithms D. It uses divide-and-conquer strategy inefficiently

38. What is the purpose of the insertion operation on an array?

A. Find an element's index B. Add a new element at a specific position in the array C. Remove an element from the array D. Sort the array

39. What type of data is stored in arrays?

A. Mixed data types B. Only primitive data types like int, float C. Only objects D. Data of the same type

40. Which function in C returns the length of a string?

A. strlen() B. size() C. length() D. strlength()

41. Which of the following best describes the process of selection sort?

A. Repeatedly insert elements into a growing sorted list B. Repeatedly select the smallest element from unsorted data and swap it to its correct position C. Compare and swap adjacent elements repeatedly D. Divide the array into halves and merge sorted halves

42. What must be true for binary search to work correctly?

A. The list must be sorted B. The list can be unsorted C. It only works on strings D. It requires recursion

43. What is a key advantage of binary search compared to linear search?

A. Works efficiently with unsorted lists B. Faster for large sorted lists by repeatedly dividing the search space C. Does not require a stopping condition D. Finds all instances of the element in the list

44. Which of these statements about strings in many programming languages is TRUE?

A. Strings are typically stored as arrays of characters in contiguous memory locations B. Strings are never mutable in any programming language C. Strings do not have a length property or function D. Strings can only contain letters, not digits or symbols

45. What does the bubble sort algorithm do during its passes?

A. Moves the smallest element to the beginning of the list B. Moves the largest element to the end of the list by swapping adjacent elements if needed C. Randomly swaps elements in the list D. Sorts the list using a divide and conquer method

46. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of recursive algorithms?

A. They must have a base case B. They solve smaller subproblems within the same function C. They always use iteration inside the function D. The function calls itself

47. What data type constraint do arrays have?

A. Elements must all be reference types B. Elements can be of any data type mixed C. All elements must be of the same data type D. Elements must be strings only

48. How can two arrays be merged in Python?

A. Using `arr1.merge(arr2)` B. Using `arr3 = arr1 + arr2` C. Using `arr3 = merge(arr1, arr2)` D. Using `arr1.append(arr2)`

49. How are elements in an array accessed?

A. Using unique keys B. Using the element’s value C. Using an index position D. Using memory addresses

50. How do you concatenate two strings `str1` and `str2` in Python?

A. str1 * str2 B. str1 + str2 C. concat(str1, str2) D. str1 - str2